Unveiling the Truth About Hailsham Essay - 886 Words

Kazuo Ishiguro does an excellent job in explaining the conditions of Hailsham in his book Never Let Me Go, and it is only through Kathy’s life experience and curiosity that a reader might get a sense of what Hailsham really is about. Kathy frequently brings up Hailsham through-out the whole book, and the reader gets the sense that Hailsham played an integral role in the future of her and her classmates’ lives. The memories, although sometimes good and bad, cannot be fathomed by most people as being comfortable or even humane. It is, ultimately, the thought of what lies behind the existence of Hailsham that really startles its readers into realizing the full extent of the emptiness and doom that†¦show more content†¦It is the theme that states the children do not have the right to question their future. But it goes further than that; the real teaching of Hailsham is to stop the children from questioning anything that is taught to them at all. It is proved when K athy expresses surprise at the fact that they had to prove that they had souls in the first place, and Miss Emily cruelly responds, â€Å"It’s touching, Kathy, to see you so taken aback. It demonstrates, in a way, that we did our job well† (Ishiguro 260). Miss Emily’s statements are highly disturbing, and would be taken offensively by any person that just realized that they have been manipulated all their lives. However, this is not the case with these children, and by Kathy’s lack of response to that highly provocative statement shows that the children were in fact, abused and deceived by a school that has no respect for life at all. In a way these children are like pigs led to the slaughter. The practice of deceit and the conniving structural ways of Hailsham is displayed once again through a system that Kathy refers to as the â€Å"Sales† (Ishiguro 41). The Sales is a system where the children â€Å"got a hold of things from the outside† by using their hard earned tokens to purchase these items (Ishiguro 41). The children would get â€Å"excited† at the sight of the â€Å"big white van† that brought them â€Å"clothes, toys, and the special things that hadn’t been

Health Promotion and Teaching as Tools for Nursing Essay

Laying the Foundation for a Healthier Future Health promotion and teaching are important tools for nursing. By promoting health and health teaching, nurses can help lay the foundation for a healthier future. Major Concepts and Definitions Belief–a statement of sense, declared or implied, that is intellectually and/or emotionally accepted as true by a person or group. Attitude–a relatively constant feeling, predisposition, or a set of beliefs that is directed toward an object, a person, or a situation. Value–a preference that is shared and transmitted within a community. Behavioral diagnosis–the delineation of the specific health actions that are most likely to effect a health outcome. Health†¦show more content†¦3. Benefits of actions, the client’s assessment of the potential of the health action to reduce susceptibility or severity. 4. Costs of action, the client’s estimate of financial costs, time and effort; inconvenience; and possible side effects such as pain or discomfort. According to Edleman Mandle (1998), assumptions for Bandura’s (1986) Social Cognitive Theory are: 1. Behavior is determined by expectancies and outcomes. 2. Behavior is regulated by its consequences, but only as those consequences are interpreted and understood by the client. According to Boyd et al. (1998), assumptions from the teaching process include: 1. The teaching process is a planned and purposeful activity that nurses use to increase the likelihood that individuals will learn. 2. The teaching process follows the same steps as the nursing process: assess, plan, implement and evaluate. Man Man is an individual, holistic being, comprised of social, psych ological, spiritual and biological entities. Man is in constant interaction with the environment. Man’s well being is the perception of his or her health which is enhanced by nursing actions involving health promotion. Man is an outcome of his environment, beliefs, attitudes, values and willingness to learn. 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The Bombing Of Darwin Essay Example For Students

The Bombing Of Darwin Essay It was the bright morning of Thursday 19 February 1942 just before 10am. Since the attacks on Pearl Harbour, Darwin was the base of the 7th Military District of Australia and Port Darwin had become an important staging point for ship convoys and aircraft on their way to the fighting in the northwest. A fleet of ships carrying Australian and American troops and supplies, escorted by USS Houston, had returned to port after an attack by Japanese aircraft and submarines. I was unaware of the impending danger as I worked through the morning, but at 9:58am the roar of planes overhead could be heard. Many people believed that it was simply American aircraft returning from war but, as the crashing of bombs and the crackle of machine gun fire began from over 260 Japanese aircraft, it soon became clear that this was not the case. At this time there were a large number of ships in the port, including the US destroyer Peary. But within minutes of the first attack Peary had been sunk and with it a loss of 80 lives. As Japanese planes continued to role in, so did the devastation. Sunk also was the large US transport Meigs and the Australian ship Neptuna. Loaded with heavy explosives, it blew up with a terrifying explosion dumping burning oil and shrapnel into the harbour. I then witnessed five merchant ships being sunk and the hospital ship, Manunda, being hit but, luckily, surviving to play an important role in caring for the injured. I quickly took shelter in a slit trench, clad in shoes and tin hat. The bombardment of enemy planes continued as dozens of men were blown into the water only to have to swim through burning oil. I could hear the screams of terror as men were blown to pieces or burned alive. I sat crouched as women and children were rushed into bomb shelters hurriedly. Many men tried to help the dea d, dying and survivors by plucking them from the water and loading them into small boats. These heroic acts would remain unknown to almost the entire Australian public but it did not seem to worry these brave men as they risked their lives to save others. I witnessed planes fly into the town and prayed they would show mercy against the innocents taking shelter. My prayers would go unanswered.The Post Office was hit and the air-raid trench in the Post Office garden received a direct hit, killing all nine people within it. Horrifically I saw the Darwin Hospital being bombed in an act of malicious damage, but fortunately there was no loss of life. By 10.30am the first raid was over. It had lasted just over half an hour. Shocked survivors were now emerging from cover and trying to assess the damage and life loss, when, at 11.58am, the attack resumed. This second attack was neither on the city of Darwin nor Port Darwin but in fact the airstrip. This was an easy target for the Japanese as all aircraft was out in the open and un-camouflaged. The remaining Kitty Hawk was destroyed together with a Liberator and 10 other aircraft. Surprisingly, only seven men were killed. Finally the carnage ceased and I emerged to discover a burning, ravaged city. People lined the streets, crying and blood covered. Children were screaming for their parents and wondering through the desolate streets. Burned and mutilated bodies lay still floating in the burning Harbor and covered the surrounding wharves. Husbands, wives, mothers, fathers. Killed. I knew then that I was lucky to have survived but still felt resentment towards this survival, as I had to live with the images burned into my mind forever. While the devastation and confusion produced by the surprise attack did cause some military personnel to leave the town, I feel the need to acknowledge that many military personnel, on shore and on ships, stuck to their guns in the face of an awesome Japanese aerial bombardment of a largely defenseless town. In the harbor, despite lack of warning, the crews of navy ships manned their guns with remarkable courage as Japanese bombs rained down on their ships. In Darwin harbor, the American destroyer USS Peary took a direct hit from a Japanese bomb. Many witnessed the vessels forward gun still firing at Japanese aircraft as the Peary slid beneath the water. .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26 , .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26 .postImageUrl , .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26 , .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26:hover , .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26:visited , .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26:active { border:0!important; } .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26:active , .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26 .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud0c6bfda0b888e294fc9536913535d26:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Things They Carried Persuasive EssayI still remember a friend of mine running up to me on the streets and describing to me what they had endured that fateful morning. The first raid on Darwin was, for him, a 40-minute period of embarrassment. With his first warning being the rumble of approaching aircraft and machine gunfire, which commenced whilst he was taking a shower at his home at about 10am. He quickly climbed into a bomb shelter, half naked, with many other civilians and waited for the fighting to stop, as there was nothing that they could do to help the people left outside. Around the town, there were some amazing stories of escape from injury. A friend of mine, Reginald Rattley, aged 26, a telephone mechanic, had tried to shelter with the Postmasters group but found the trench too crowded. He sought shelter over the Esplanade cliff to the beach. As he jumped a bomb-blast lifted him forcibly on to the sand where he landed safely. Some people claimed that a conspiracy to bury the dead bodies was at work. One man reported, About three days after the bombing they had these barges down near the wharf. Three of them were piled with bodies; Id imagine 3000 bodies at least on those three big barges. It is believed that they were towed out to sea through the boom defence where they were sunk. Nobody knew who they were; they were all colours, races and sizes. Nobody knew where they came from. They were found in little old shanties where they were gathered up. This, although maybe not entirely true, disgusted me. By the following weekend much order had been restored, but not until after some extraordinary behavior. There had been widespread looting of the deserted houses and businesses by civilians and military men. Some of the looting was reasonable as the goods were being requisitioned for military use. Hundreds of Darwin civilians acted the way many people do under war conditions: they became refugees, leaving the town by any means they could. This attack has always been in comparison with the attacks on Pearl Harbor, December 7 1941 and with justice. In both instances, there is convincing evidence of a failure of command to bring defences to a state of readiness in the face of a clearly growing threat of Japanese attack. Darwins military commanders should have placed the towns very limited defences on full war alert after the forced return of the Timor. At Darwin, as at Pearl Harbor, air force officers ignored a large formation of unidentified aircraft, which would have given a timely warning of an enemy approach. The bombing shattered the township. It was the heaviest loss of life on Australian soil since European settlement in 1788, and the first time that an enemy nation had attacked our mainland. Although the bombing of Darwin was front-page news in Australia next day, the full extent of the damage and loss of life was not revealed by the Curtin government. From the first day that the government revealed the details about the bombing of Darwin to the greater public, it was evident that the truth was not going to surface and that a cover-up was underway. Many southern newspapers reported far less than the truth in the days afterwards; an act of media control that many governments exercised in war to lessen the impact on public morale. The numbers of casualties, obviously in the thousands, were reported to be only around 250 and the amount of ships in the harbor, approximately eleven, was described as only eight. The bombing of Darwin stands as the most destructive enemy attack ever perpetrated against Australia in its history. The day that brought home to Australians that, in this war, they were truly fighting for their country. A day that will never be forgotten. .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a , .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a .postImageUrl , .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a , .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a:hover , .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a:visited , .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a:active { border:0!important; } .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a:active , .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5985163dd81626a4b50bb7208657917a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Animal Rights Protests Essay-10HI2Bibliography:-http://www.battleforaustralia.org.au/darwin.html-http://www.airwaysmuseum.com/DN%20bombing%2042%20article.htm-http://www.awm.gov.au/units/event_59.asp-http://www.mua.org.au/journal/april_2002/darwin.html

Nucleon Case free essay sample

Nucleon, Inc. is one of over 200 firms founded since the 1970s which are focused on developing biotechnological pharmaceuticals products. Biotechnology came about with the development in advances of molecular biology and immunology, hence the new field of RD is called â€Å"biotechnology†. Nucleons first product is CRP-1 (cell regulation ein-1) and after several years of experimentation the time was ready for human clinical trials, which was not going to be an easy hurdle to get over. Due to the fact that Nucleon did not have any manufacturing facilities which met the FDA requirements they had to figure out how to jump over the hurdles presented. One potion was to contract clinical manufacturing to an outside firm. Another option was to build a new pilot plant for clinical trials. Nucleons third option is to license the manufacturing to another biotechnology company. Risk was found in their options but they also came with rewards. We will write a custom essay sample on Nucleon Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If Nucleon could establish a strong paten on a important molecule this could ensure capital for growth and development which could keep Nucleon alive for years. Recommendations: Although we see the benefit to investing in having their own production capability in house, we feel that in the short-term, Nucleon should not overextend itself on its very first drug venture before it is sure that it will be on the fast track to FDA approval. Furthermore, Nucleon would have to deal with the difficulty and costs of procuring the right talent to fill all the holes that will open up in its organizational structure with regards to maintenance, procurement, quality assurance, technical support, logistics, and other functions in order to operate the manufacturing plant. Nucleon’s management team feels strongly that their strongest core competencies are in the research and development of new therapies using cell-regulating factors. They are the leader in this arena of research and have relationships with top research programs and academia. What the company has working in its advantage is that very few other firms are focusing on developing drugs through this type of research and they have a very optimistic outlook to future ventures. Rather than trying to â€Å"hit a home-run† with this first drug, our group feels that it would be more prudent to go for the single in order to ensure that you can continue plugging away with more chances at bat. The company is not a strong financial situation given that it has already accepted over $6M of venture capital funding which has already been spent (and some) in preparing for the FDA filing. Pursuing the option of building its own production facility would add strain to their balance sheet and force Nucleon to further dilute ownership of the company by raising more financing, possibly through equity swaps. The $7M payout once FDA approval comes would be useful in getting Nucleon’s financial support of their backs so that they can go back to focusing on what they do best, developing new therapeutic drugs. Furthermore, with less focus on every dime in the bottom-line results they could funnel more research dollars into the top institutions with the hope of luring top research academia to their team for future ventures. â€Å"That’s why it’s so important for us to be at the leading edge of scientific research. This means not only attracting the best in-house scientists, but also maintaining close contact with universities. † With this being said, our group does not necessarily mean to convey that Nucleon should never pursue in-house production capability. We just feel that Nucleon should wait until they are in a stronger financial position and when the capital markets become friendlier to biotechnology financing. In a longer, 10-year manufacturing strategy outlook, we feel that Nucleon should transition from their current status as a boutique RD firm to a fully integrated manufacturing enterprise. Once the company is able to kick the tires on many more ventures it will be in a more strategic financial position to capitalize on more streams of revenue within the biotechnology sector. It should then pursue in-house production capability in order to move along their development much more quickly, in addition to possibly entering the market for contract manufacturing services. This would diversify Nucleon’s stream of revenues and allow the company to sustainably grow and leverage its capabilities into a brighter future. The main issue is that Nucleon has to be able to find enough cash in-flow not only for the founding of the clinical trials for CRP-1, but also for the further development of the two new cell regulating factors and of the mammalian cells fermentation technology. Therefore, by choosing its manufacturing strategy, Nucleon should not only focus on the percentage of the forecasted sales revenues, but also focus on the possible synergies. Our group believes that partnerships have to be part of this Nucleon business strategy: they can advance the development of its projects, by complementing and optimizing Nucleon technology platforms. Resource Based View: The VRIO Framework, is a good tool that helps us establish whether a resource is of competitive advantage or not. We can use VRIO to evaluate if the new product will benefit the company. Value: There’s definitely value in a successful drug for burn treatment; it also presents itself as a possible cure for other ailments as well (i. e. kidney failure) Rarity: Not many alternatives for burn victim treatment (assumption based on the case’s voice); large molecule research is still new and rare, tough to get into. Imitability: Not very imitable, especially if Nucleon can gain strong patent protection. Also, the slow development time means that even if another firm could mimic a similar drug, it would take time. Organization: Nucleon is currently not organized to begin trials and manufacturing of this drug. They also don’t have a significant amount of financial backing at this point. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Tight links with the academic/research community Strong patent position on the CRP-1 molecule Promising pre-clinical trials of the CRP-1 molecule Technical capability to identify potentially therapeutic regulating factors Weaknesses Small size (22 employee) private held company Weak patent position on the genetic sequence Capital availability RD resources focused on the CRP-1 molecule Opportunities Mammalian cells fermentation Strong links with big pharmaceutical companies Other therapeutic applications of the CRP-1 molecule Two new cell regulators factors in early stage of development Threats Enormous cost of the drug development process Uncertain outcome of clinical trials Challenge of the patent by the competition Uncertain biotechnology patent law As a result, one of the big issues with Nucleon is that it is a small firm coming into an industry with several larger, well established firms. In this case, it was highly important for the company to focus on their core competency and quickly gain a solid reputation within the market through developing their competitive advantage, instead of attempting to build their own facilities or focusing energy on activities outside their core competency, among other things. Work Cited Al-Karmi, Ahmad. VRIO Framework. Arabianeurs. Arabianeurs: A Resource for Entrepreneurs in the Arab World. , 9 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2013. WebsiteLinkTagsEditDelete Chapman, Allan. Index Examples of Porters Five Forces. Michael Porters Five Forces Competition Theory Model. Businessball. com, n. d. Web. 26 Sept. 2013

Symbols of Kings free essay sample

What does the lion represent? Why would the rulers of England include so many of them on the Coat of Arms? -The lion symbolizes strength, royalty and bravery. The rulers of England included so many lions on the coat of arms because it symbolizes England as the supporters of England. 2. What does the fleur-de-lis represent? Why is it featured on the Coat of Arms of British rulers? -The fleur-de-lis represents the French Monarchy as perfection, light and life. It was featured on the Coat of Arms because to emphasize Clovis purification upon his conversion to Christianity which later he adopted when he followed waterlilies showed him how to safely cross a river and thus succeed in battle. 3. Why is the Irish harp featured on the Coat of Arms? The Irish harp is featured because it represents Irelands place in the UK. 4. What does the unicorn represent? Why would the rulers of England choose a unicorn to support their shield? The unicorn represents power, purification, healing, wisdom, self-knowledge, renewal, and eternal life. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbols of Kings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rulers believed it best represented the strength of their kingdom and their everlasting reign. 5. Why does the unicorn have a chain around its neck? The unicorn has a chain around its neck because it is considered to be an untamed dangerous beast. 6. The Coat of Arms includes two phrases, â€Å"Blessed are the peacemakers† and â€Å"Shame to him who evil thinks. † Choose one of these phrases and explain why a ruler might want it included in a coat of arms. I believe a ruler would want â€Å"Blessed are peacemakers† because I believe his main priority is the safety of his kingdom and the peace 7. Research one of the colors featured in the Coat of Arms. Based on what the color represents, explain why it would be used in a royal coat of arms. -The color blue is featured in the Coat of Arms because blue symbolizes the truth and loyalty. This would show other kingdoms that this kingdom has morals and they would understand what the kingdom stands for Shield: Shield Reflection Paragraph: For my shield the wings that are around it is white and it represents the purity of freedom and no one can take that away. The lines are red and that represents that we will fight to maintain who we are as a kingdom. The bottom with the ribbon is yellow and has our motto â€Å"United in Peace† which stands for our kingdoms morals. The shield itself is blue which represents calmness, strategic, and doing what it is right. The three lines within the shield represents no matter what obstacle we face we will stand up strong.

Avoid Burnout by Connecting with Your Healthcare Colleagues

Avoid Burnout by Connecting with Your Healthcare Colleagues As a member of the medical field, you already know that you speak a totally different language from non-industry people. But beyond that, your emotional language is also quite foreign to outsiders.  Sure,you can certainly talk to  your friends and family  about your job, but they’ll never  truly  Ã¢â‚¬Å"get† the unique challenges you face daily–not like someone else who’s been there in the trenches. If you don’t have an emotional outlet, the daily stresses that come with a health care job might consume your life outside of the job. After all, someone who hasn’t experienced the phenomenon of being responsible for someone else’s health and well-being will never understand:The pressure of managing life-or-death situations on a daily basisThe physical toll of being on your feet for hours at a timeThe constant worry about possible malpractice suitsThe daily struggle to deal with difficult (and oftentimes irrational!) patientsThe co nstant feeling that you’re moments away from burning outIt’s key to your professional success to seek out peers with whom you can vent and feel understood. The shared camaraderie with peers who work in medicine is indeed a special bond, one that can make you a better employee in the long run. Take advantage of the connection you share to avoid career burnout!

Reflection of Commerce in Cadavers an Open Secret Essay

Reflection of Commerce in Cadavers an Open Secret - Essay Example The author finally concludes that the government has to clarify its role in the handling and management of activities involving human body parts, and that it is actually left with basically two choices: to redefine the laws that govern donation of body parts or to enforce strict standards and regulations governing the selling of body parts. The Structure of the Main Argument The argument is a deductive argument which is anchored on the claim that â€Å"an underground illegal market has developed largely because of inconsistent federal policies and practices† (Goodwin). This type of deductive argument is an example of Hypothetical Syllogism. The arguments or premises that support this conclusion are mainly examples of effects that are brought about by such inconsistencies in government policies regarding the handling and management of body parts. In standard form, it would look like this: P1: Inconsistent federal practices and policies give a chance for those engaged in the ill egal selling of body parts to conduct their businesses smoothly. ... r industry† is not substantiated by concrete evidence and may even be simply just a way to exaggerate the nature of this commercial exchange of body parts. Moreover, the statement â€Å"fees have come to resemble illegal payments† does not take into consideration that not all fees and not all institutions are involved in the use of illegal payments. The Article’s Use of Language The article is definitely value-laden as it is negatively biased against the government and its inefficiency in imposing its laws concerning the handling and management of human body parts. This is evident in the obvious distaste with which the author treats the government. In fact, the author uses a demeaning phrase pertaining to the fees that government laws unreasonably allow so that the illegal commercial selling of body parts would continue: â€Å"those fees have come to resemble illegal payments† (Goodwin). Moreover, the prejudice of the author against the government is also e vident in the phrases that express his accusations against them: â€Å"inconsistent federal policies and practices,† â€Å"poor oversight,† and â€Å"lax at best† to describe federal oversight (Goodwin). These are the unique characteristics of the language that the author uses to push the reader towards accepting his conclusions. Nevertheless, the language that the author uses is straightforward and not overly intellectual, and this is another reason why it appeals to the ordinary reader. The Article’s Strengths The article uses good and persuasive data to convince the readers of the inefficiency of government laws, although this information is not detailed perhaps to intentionally obscure the issue. The author has been stating unreasonable generalizations against the government since she mentions â€Å"inconsistent

Comprehension strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comprehension strategies - Essay Example Helping students to comprehend narrative, expository and poetic texts is a challenge that faces all teachers. Regardless of subject or grade level, all teachers are teachers of reading. Many comprehension strategies have been developed over the past three decades.While all can be applied to any of these three types of texts, some seem to naturally go with one more than another.Choosing â€Å"the best† for each one is not really possible, because teacher personality, state standards and concerns such as class size and student grouping all have bearing on which comprehension strategy should be used. The three strategies in this essay have all been used to good effect by myself or one of my former teachers. A good comprehension strategy for helping students to maximize their understanding of a c narrative text is an activity called â€Å"What is it?† This is an activity where students work individually and in cooperative groups to recall the most important elements of sett ing, character and plot. Students retell portions of the narrative text to one another while listening student record important points relating to setting, character and plot. This activity utilizes graphic organizers and is facilitated by the instructor. Retelling portions of the text allows the student speaking the opportunity to give voice to their impressions and remembrances of the narrative. Students listening use the graphic organizer to write points mentioned by the speaker. Each student in the group takes a turn adding to the growing list of setting, character and plot elements

Unethical Business Behavior (Monastato company) Essay

Unethical Business Behavior (Monastato company) - Essay Example Unethical Business Behavior (Monastato company) This can be furthered with the ideologies of libertarians or Aristotle, specifically which helps to develop a deeper understanding of what the moral and ethical problems are within a company. When analyzing Monsanto, an agricultural company, there is an understanding of the deeper problems of ethics as well as why this becomes important to alter with the company. Background of the Problem: The company Monastato was chosen because it is recognized as the top unethical company in the world. The company is located in Missouri and offers agricultural products to grocery stores. The company is known for providing genetically modified foods and seed to the world as well as agricultural products that are used to change the quality of foods. The company is known for being unethical first because of the approach taken to competition. If there is a farmer that is working ethically or which provides organic food, then Monsanto will try to sue them for offering the wrong products. The company’s strategy isn’t one based on winning or losing the suit, but instead of driving the farmers out of business because of the amount of money that is spent on putting them through court.The company moves beyond this with the foods and weed killer that is used. The particular company was chosen because of the current controversy which they are under as well as the controversies that are associated with the food and agriculture, both politically and in society. There are several that are now pressuring companies to begin altering the way in which food is provided with the concept of processing food and other components being difficult with those that are looking at the different processes for agriculture. The current health issues which many are facing and which are causing difficulties are leading to problems in becoming more renowned in political and social groups. Examining the different layers of Monsanto and the unethical behaviors that are associated with this then builds a deeper understanding of why it is important to pay attention to the problems that the company currently is sending to others while developing a deeper understanding of how ethics in terms of agricultural reform need to be reconsidered with this particular company as an example (Cesca, 2010: 1). Theories on Ethics The concepts that are associated with Monsanto relate directly to theories on ethics and the association which this creates with how the corporation needs to alter policies specifically for ethics. The first concept which can be looked into in terms of reform for ethics is the libertarian point of view. According to this viewpoint, every individual should have rights while restricting the political or corporate affiliations that are linked to this. More important, there needs to be a sense of independence and freedom that is associated with how one is able to maintain their own needs and concepts within society. This moves into the understanding that each individual has specific rights and expressions that are associated with the individual while creating the understanding that there needs to be a sense of balance with different needs. The belief is that this will associate with changes with class struggle as well as understanding wha t one’s natural rights are within society (Sandel, 2009: 60). The libertarian viewpoint is one which is looked at with the different policies and practices of Monsanto. The first is with

Law Essays International Law

Law Essays International Law Explain and evaluate the role of International Law in the development of the concept of human rights. A. Introduction The need of co-operation and mutual development has lead the countries of the international community to create a legislative net which would have as basic task the regulation of the relationships between them. At a next level, the bodies that were created to handle these provisions and to supervise their application faced the problem of the absence of a suitable legal environment that could guarantee and protect their operation. The only solution seemed to be the extension of the law provisions that regulated the relationships between the States to these international bodies. In this way, the international law was constructed and came into force for every issue that presented elements of international character. We should notice that the international law is no longer restricted to the above described area, but it has been extended so that it can offer protection against criminal actions that are taken place against the humanity even if these actions are made by individuals. The judicial body that has the responsibility of this task is the International Criminal Court. Although the protection of the human rights has always been a priority – as declared – both to the nationals and the international law, there are certain circumstances under which the application of the law is becoming difficult and sometimes it is finally avoided. This is often explicated as a result of a ‘precautionary politic’ that is necessary in order to protect the human rights of the majority of residents of a state. One of the recent measures that have been applied towards this purpose is the detention of a person for reasons of safety of the public and with no relevant decision or order of a court. According to R.K.M. Smith (2005, p.240), the deprivation of a person’s liberty can only be acceptable when there are serious reasons that impose the detention as the only suitable measure. In any case, the whole procedure has to be done in accordance with the relevant legal provisions. There are also a series of human rights that are constantly threatened by the actions of states or individuals. Furthermore, there are a lot of cases that this threat has been developed into a violation due to the absence of specific authorities for such a task. The international bodies (authorized by the international law to manage its provisions and to guarantee the protection of the human rights for the international community) can only handle a small number of relevant reports based on the reports of the states on specific facts of violations (or threats) of human rights. The role of these bodies, although can be characterized as very important, is very limited and is being formulated under the pressures of the current economic and political powers. However, according to M. O’ Flaherty (2002, p.1-2) the reporting procedure to a non-governmental organization can help the State to clarify the problem (when constructing an analytical report for the case) and perhaps come to a solution without the interference of the NGO. In case that the State itself cannot resolve the problem, then it can report it to an international body and in this way it will have the support and the advice of a team of international experts. Although it seems that the difficulties following the application of the international law tend to grow in strength and number, the efforts of the international community have helped the creation of a legal basis for the protection of the human rights and, in some cases, have succeeded a satisfactory restoration of the damage caused by the rights’ violations. B. Legislation related with the protection of the human rights – national and international law In UK the basic legislation concerning the Human Rights protection is the Human Rights Act of 1998 whilst a lot of other Acts have been signed in order to cover specific problems related to the recognition and the protection of the above rights. According to article 2 of the Human Rights Act of 1998 ‘Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by the law’ (article 2, par.1). This article presents the general borders of the legislation aims and creates an obligation for the authorities and the individuals to respect a person’s life and existence. The articles that follow this fundamental provision are being addressed towards particular rights and freedoms of a person, like the right to liberty and security (article 5), the right to a fair trial (article 6), the right to respect for private and family life (article 8), the freedom of thought, conscience and religion (article 9), the freedom of expression (article 10), the freedom of assembly and association ( article 11), the right to an effective remedy (article 13) and so on (see 1580 [2004], R (on the application of Trailer and Marina (Levin) Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and another, Court of Appeal, Civil Division, 19 [2005], R (on the application of Hoxha) v Secretary of State for the Home Department; R (on the application of B) v Secretary of State for the Home Department and 1658 [2004], R (on the application of Clays Lane Housing Co-Operative Limited) v The Housing Corporation, Court of Appeal, Civil Division, 1748 [2004], Malcolm v Benedict Mackenzie (A firm) and Another, Court of Appeal, Civil Division and 2866 [2004], W v Westminster City Council and Others, Queen’s Bench Division. There are also articles that do not offer a right but they impose a behaviour that have to be in accordance with the terms included in them. In this way, it is stated that the torture, the slavery and the forced labour are absolutely prohibited (articles 3, 4) whilst no punishment should take place without lawful authority (prerequisite for a punishment that the action made was recognized as a criminal one at the time that the crime was made, article 7). It is also stated that any discrimination and any restriction on political activity of aliens should be avoided (articles 14, 16). The above general Act has been interpreted and completed through other Acts that have been signed in order to provide sufficient protection of the rights in cases that are characterized by complexity and ambiguity. As an example we could mention the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005, which introduces alterations to the right of the liberty of a person as it is described by article 5 of the Convention for t he Human Rights, by permitting the detention of a person in cases when the existing evidence is enough to create the suspicion of a behaviour that could be a threat for the lives of other people (for the public). The very important element, which is introduced with the above Act, is that the existence of a relevant Court decision is not necessary. Other amendments to the Human Rights Act of 1998 are contained in the following Acts: the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the Appropriation Act 2005 and the Asylum and Immigration Act 2004 (see 19 [2005], R (on the application of Hoxha) v Secretary of State for the Home Department; R (on the application of B) v Secretary of State for the Home Department). In the level of European Union, the basic legislation concerning the human rights is the European Convention for the Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of 1948. The above convention has been amended by a series of protocols (no. 4, 6, 7, 11 and 12) and it presents the basic rules on which the national legislations of the member states should be adapted. The article 2 of the above Convention recognizes the right to life for every person and the following articles are covering the rest of the human rights’ areas of application, such as: the liberty (article 5), the private and family life (article 8), the thought, the conscience and the religion (article 9), the expression (article 10) and so on. Like the Human Rights Act of 1998 (UK) the European Convention, also imposes certain obligations regarding the application of the human rights, like the prohibition of torture (article 3), the prohibition of slavery and forced labour (article 4), the prohibition of discrimina tion (article 14), the prohibition of restrictions on political activity of aliens (article 16) and so on. The protocol No. 4 to the above Convention referred to specific areas of human rights, like the freedom of movement (article 2) and the right to keep the personal liberty in cases that there is a debt (prohibition of imprisonment for debt, article 1). The basic provision of the protocol No. 6 to the Convention is the abolition of the death penalty (article 1 of the protocol) whilst the protocol No. 7 to the Convention contained provisions that were related with the rights of a person facing a criminal punishment (articles 2-4) and with the private law character – rights of the spouses (article 5). A series of relevant decisions have been published accordingly like: C-17/98, Emesa Sugar (Free Zone) NV v. Aruba, C-112/98, Mannesmannrohren-Werke AG v. Commission of the European Communities, C-274/99, Bernard Connolly v. Commission of the European Communities and T-9/99, HF B Holding fur Fernwarmetechnik Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH Co KG and Others v. Commission of the European Communities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to the above provisions, the international community has actively participated in the protection of human rights by the creation of a legal environment that can guarantee the avoidance of extremely violations of the rights and an independent (to the measure that this is achievable) valuation of the problem in cases that are brought before the relevant Bodies through the states’ reports. C. Problems related with the recognition and the protection of Human Rights by the international law Human Rights are by their nature a sensitive and transparent element of a person’s life. Although there are a lot of legislative work made for their protection, the scope and the objectives of the relevant provisions have not been fulfilled. The victims of the violations of the human rights are by fact the persons that present a weakness, physical, mental, of gender, of colour, of nationality or of other kind. The first to be violated are usually the children who although suffering are by nature unable to stand for their right. The person who is responsible for their protection has not, in many cases, the strength or the means to achieve such a task and the violation can continue for a long time. Smith A. (2004) examines the types of the offences that occur against the children and refers to specific problem that of the recruitment of children as soldiers. In her paper, she examines the legal aspects of the specific crime and presents the reasoning used by the Court to establi sh its decision in a specific case (Hinga Norman, 14/2004, Special Court for Siera Leone). After careful consideration, the Court decided that the recruitment of children to work of such a kind could attract individual criminal responsibility for the persons that were involved to this activity. On the other hand there are many reasons that could explain the difficulties that occur to the application of the international law provisions that are referring to the children.   Bhabha J. (2002) sees as a possible reason the general disadvantage of the children as a vulnerable and she argues that separated children can be accepted as an asylum seeker to a developed country but there are little guarantees for their safety at a next level. In a previous paper, Bhabha (Bhabha J., Young, W., 1999) had examined the conditions under which the children as unaccompanied asylum seekers are granted asylum according to the relevant U.S. guidelines. One of the most important development included in the new provisions, was the possibility of appointment of an individual as a guardian of a child until the relevant process is being finished. Furthermore, the violation of women’s rights (especially of their human rights) is constant and extended in multiple levels. Ankenbrand (2002) examined the position women seeking asylum under the German Law. He present the claims of women that are found in this position and he come to the conclusion that although the revision of the existing law has been admitted as necessary from the relevant legal bodies, there is not a positive activity to that direction. The violation of the right of religion seems to have been extended and the main problem is that of the specific description of the conditions that constitute a ‘religious practice’. Musalo (2004) argues that the prosecution for reasons of religious beliefs cannot be clearly defined today which comes in contrast to the simplicity of the relevant terms that the 1951 Convention had adopted. A very important matter related to the protection of the human rights is that of the extension of the relevant provisions of the international law. McGoldrick (2004) accepts that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) should be characterized as the basic institutional body regarding the supervision on the application of the terms of the international treaties that have been signed for the human rights. As of the specific category of refugees, the protection of their rights in the interior of the States is guaranteed by the operation of special institutional bodies that are authorized to examine each case that is being reported to them and proceed to a solution in the legal frame that has been indicated from the law for the specific problems. As an example, Daley (K. Daley, N. Kelley, 2000) refers to the existing relevant bodies in Canada, which are the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB), the Convention Refugee Determination Division (CRDD) and, of course, t he higher courts of the state that have the jurisdiction to review the decisions of the CRDD. The main problem related with the application of the international law in the area of human rights seems to be the extension of the phenomenon of violation of these rights. Due to the difficult and complex economic and political environment of many states around the world, the supervision of the application of the Human Rights’ provisions is usually impossible. The most common route for a problem to be put under examination and to be given a resolution is usually the report that a state submits regarding a specific fact of violation of rights. But the volume of work and the depth of the problem (which needs to be analyzed and examined in detail) prevent the permanent resolution of it and the solution that is been proposed to the state has usually a provisional character. D. Conclusion The recognition and the protection of the human rights have been the subject and the aim of a lot of legislative provisions both to the national and to the international area. The relevant laws have achieved to cover – at least from a scientific point of view – almost all the aspects of the problem. However, the weakness of the law – and mostly of the international one – seems to be the absence of stability regarding the procedures followed, the penalties that are imposed and the speed in providing a resolution at every case that is brought to the international institutional bodies. On the other hand, the existence of a series of authorities that are responsible for the application of the international law and their power to impose punishment when a violation occurs, create the image of a well-organized and powerful society, which can provide to its citizen the security and the protection they need to survey.

Garlic: A Taste for Health :: Botany

Garlic: A Taste for Health Culinary garlic is one of the most medically studied herbs today. it has been cultivated since the Neolithic period around 10,000 BC. This bulb has flavored the food of hunters and nomads after the discovery of its intensively robust flavor. The summarians (2600 BC-2100 BC) were actively practicing the healing powers of garlic, and some believe the summarians to have introduced garlic to China, from where it later spread to Japan and Korea. However, some taxonomists believe garlic to be endemic to China. Records have indicated that the medicinal respect for garlic was not fully appreciated in regions of India, China, as well as in southern Europe. The summarians had been using garlic for some time before others caught on to its medicinal success. Many cultures have remedied various ailments with this potent herb. The Egyptians, documented on a papyrus dating back to 1500 BC, prescribed garlic for 22 diseases (1). And according to the 5th century Greek historian Herodotus, the Egyptians had carved an inscription into the great pyramid of King Khufu (Cheops) detailing the amount of garlic, onions, and radishes eaten by the slaves during the twenty-year building period. Egyptians slaves caused the first ever-recorded strike when a ration of garlic did not turn up on time (1). The slaves ate garlic to increase their stamina and to maintain their over-all health. Cloves of garlic have been found in the tomb of Tutankamen who ruled Egypt until 1338 BC. And the Egyptians were not the only ones to worship garlic. According to Theophrastus, ancient Greeks offered garlic on piles of stones at crossroads as a supper for Hecate, god of the underworld. The Bible has even mentioned the Israelites, delivered out of bondage by Moses, complaining of their food and wishing for the same things they had been eating while they were slaves: "Oh, that we had some of the delicious fish we enjoyed so much in Egypt, and the wonderful cucumbers and melons, leeks, onions, and garlic!" (Numbers 11:5, The Living Bible; 2). This pungent herb is also mentioned in the literature of other great kingdoms: Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome (2). Garlic can be found medically prescribed in ancient texts as far back as 1550 BC (1). Garlic was always an ingredient in potions thought to cure external and internal disease (1). The ancient Greeks and Romans used the herb from anything like repelling scorpions to curing bladder infections.

The Development of Kingship in the Middle Ages

Before modern technology, and the advent of cars, there were castles, catapults, and horse drawn carts. There were also kingdoms, and with kingdoms came kings, and with kings came politics, conflict, war, and regicide. The King, throughout history, and in modern times, was believed to be the sole ruler of a country, having the final word on all that happened within the bounds of their kingdom. This has indeed been true since Cain was cast out of his home, and he established the city of Chanoch, all the way to the ancient rulers of Babylon.The rulers, emperors, and kings reigned with sovereignty, and their will was rarely questioned, even while some of them reigned fire and brimstone on their people, murdering them, and pillaging their homes. This was the power of a king, unquestioning loyalty from servants, guards, and massive amounts of infantrymen and calvary. Whether they ruled through terror, or did terrible things for the good of their country, was a matter of the personality be aring the crown.There have been times in history, as noted in numerous books, where those who are held to be honorable have been forced to perform a seemingly distasteful act for the greater good, even if the true motives aren't with the good of his people, such as Blancandrins, a knight as noted in the Song of Roland 2, who spoke these words: Stand honour bound, and do him fealty. Send hostages, should he demand surety, Ten or a score, our loyal oath to bind; Send him our sons, the first-born of our wives; — An he be slain, I'll surely furnish mine.Better by far they go, though doomed to die, Than that we lose honour and dignity, And be ourselves brought down to beggary. 3†³ In the previous paragraph, an excerpt from a major literary work written in the time, we see that in those times, the welfare of a nation outweighed the welfare of a few simple farmers or peasants, which lies in great contrast to the world of today. This is not an indicator of evil as evil today is defined by laws and morals that have been put in place by modern men, or better men as some would believe.However the morality in that time was a completely different story, and right or wrong simply cannot be applied. The general public would not mind such a sacrifice, as it is for the greater good, and a good king will do anything for his country, to ensure that everything and everyone manages to survive. A good king will maintain relations with foreign nations to bring in supplies, and trade. Such was demonstrated by Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, the king of France from the year 768, till he died in 814, and was widely regarded as The Father of Europe.Throughout his reign, with his diplomacy toward other nations, and his generous treatment of foreigners4. It is not uncommon for a king, should he care about his people, to build great structures, and to give to the poor, as St. Louis of France did, noted if the Life of St. Louis: â€Å"†¦ He began then to build and found hospitals or houses for poor people to lie in, edified minsters of religion, and gave yearly to other poor sufferers in divers places in the realm much money, pecunies or silver. He founded many convents of the order of friars preachers, and to many otherpoor religious builded churches, cloisters, dortoirs, and other edifices convenable, gave for God largely alms to the blind, beguines, daughters of God, and releved the minster of many a poor nunnery.. 5† The king of a nation will be highly educated, his language, and articulation will be high above that of a normal peasant, and as such he will be seen as an extremely intelligent person, worthy of ruling a kingdom, though if he is a good king, he will concern himself more with the people, giving them food, clothing, and shelter, the basic necessities above all else.He will also hold true to the religion of the land, ensuring that he follows the laws, and demands that others do as well. â€Å"†¦ Whereof it befell that a citizen of Paris who loathly swearing had blasphemed Jesus Christ, against the act or statute royal, which Saint Louis by the counsel of the prelates and princes had ordained and made for the swearers and blasphemers, at the commandment of the said saint he was marked or tokened, at the lips of him with a hotand burning iron, in sign of punition of his sin, and terror and dreadfulness to all others†¦ 7† The role of a king can change greatly over the years, in times of peace caring for the people would be as simple as building structures, proving clothing, and making sure all are fed. In times of war the job becomes dangerous, as the king must see to it that the country is defended, and that all are safe, even if that means making sacrifices.As fate would have it, the role of the king changed dramatically in France, around the time of Childeric III, of the Merovingian family among whom the French chose their kings for generations, when Childeric's position was taken over b y Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel, who became Mayor of the Palace, making all the vital decisions of the king, who simply sat on the throne and made no real decisions, only saying what he was told to say, even to dignitaries and ambassadors who came from near and far to seek his counsel.This lasted until the Roman Pontiff, Stephen II deposed Childeric, and Pepin took over the matters of the palace, both home and abroad7. These are the events that led up to the era of Charlemagne, a golden era for the European continent. This is but one example of the extreme measures one must go to, in order to ensure the safety of a kingdom, even at the risk of one's own life. So what does all this mean? In short, the role of a king is more than being comfortable in the position, and simply ruling.A king, being solely in charge of a nation, in most cases, must not only care for the people, he must also watch his back, and ensure everything is being done properly, lest someone steal the thron e from him, and the title of â€Å"king† takes on an entirely new meaning. As new technology becomes available, in the areas of plumbing, food, aqua ducts, lighting, and especially architecture, the king should do his best, if possible, to make sure that it is available to his people in some form or another.New architecture could mean safer buildings, or more stable foundations, which translates into fewer structural collapses, and therefore fewer deaths. After all, while a king may resolve to sacrifice men for the sake of peace, a king shouldn't be eager to watch his citizens die needlessly! The role of the king is complicated, and our only means of understanding it, is the stories, and documents which have been passed down, to give us a glimpse into the past, but what we can ascertain, is that the role itself implied danger, and that the world survived such as it is now, is to be credited to those great men.

Merce Cunningham essays

Merce Cunningham essays In the age of conformity, Merce Cunningham has resisted the temptation to remain aligned with his peers. Cunningham has pioneered a new school of thought in dance, and has set the standard for future pioneers. He is passionate about what he does and it has been evident in his works as a dancer and a choreographer. Cunningham was born on April 16, 1919, in Centralia, Washington. At the age of twelve, Cunningham became interested in dance and started informal instruction. Upon graduation from high school, Cunningham began his formal dance instruction at the Cornish School of Fine and Applied Arts. After two years at the Cornish School, he studied at Mills College and at Bennington College; this is where he was invited to join Martha Grahams dance company in 1939. Graham was an incredible dancer who also choreographed during her career. While dancing for Graham, Cunningham began to make a name for himself in the dancing community. It was with Grahams encouragement that Cunningham started to choreograph on his own. His decision to start choreographing can be looked at as one of the most important decisions in the history of dance. With the encouragement of John Cage, a composer, Cunningham left Martha Grahams Dance Company in 1945 to pursue a fulltime partnership with Cage. The two men would go on to have a very storied career. On the night of April 6, 1944, at the Humphrey Weidman Studio, Cunningham and Cage performed their first solo recital. In attendance that night was acclaimed dance critic, Edwin Denby. When he was actively reviewing, Edwin Denby was this countrys most respected critic of the dance(Klosty 215). Cunninghams first performance captured Denby from the very beginning with Cunninghams amazing steps, runs, and knee bends and he described them as brilliant in lightness and speed. Denby was also impressed by Cunninghams gifts as a lyric dan...

How to Refer to Governmental Administrative Bodies

How to Refer to Governmental Administrative Bodies How to Refer to Governmental Administrative Bodies How to Refer to Governmental Administrative Bodies By Mark Nichol Nomenclature for US government entities can be complicated. Here are some guidelines about how to style names of administrative jurisdictions, departments, and agencies: Name Versions The formal style for Cabinet-level departments is â€Å"the Department of State,† for example, though journalistic style often up-ends this form as, for instance, â€Å"the State Department.† Informally, a department may simply be called â€Å"State† or â€Å"Interior† or â€Å"Justice.† Some departments are also recognized by their initials (DOJ for â€Å"Department of Justice,† for example), though abbreviations should be used only on second reference (an editing term that actually means â€Å"all subsequent references†), after the name is spelled out the first time it is used. Abbreviated forms of names should be preceded by the (â€Å"the DOJ,† for example), unless the abbreviation is an acronym (pronounced as a word), such as OSHA (the abbreviation for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration), which is pronounced â€Å"oh-shuh,† not â€Å"(the) oh-es-aitch-ay.† Be sure, too, that identification is unambiguous. Two Cabinet-level departments the Department of Education and the Department of Energy can be abbreviated DOE, so if both departments are mentioned in a particular article or book, it’s best not to use the abbreviation. Also, the designation US often precedes a department or agency name to distinguish it from a state-level entity of the same name or a similar foreign entity, whether such an entity is mentioned in the same piece of content or not. (Note that many publications and Web sites continue to use initial periods in US, but the latest edition of The Chicago Manual of Style advises that periods now be omitted from the abbreviation.) When an entity is referred to generically, even if the term is part of the entity’s name, the wording should, by definition, be lowercase: â€Å"the department,† â€Å"the bureau† (for the Federal Bureau of Investigation, for example), â€Å"the postal service† (in reference to the US Postal Service). Entities themselves often capitalize such shorthand, but that doesn’t mean you have to. Name Changes Beware of new nomenclature: The agency long known as the US Immigration and Naturalization Service was dismantled and most of its functions and responsibilities taken up by the newly created agency US Citizenship and Immigration Services in 2003. In nonfiction referring to immigration before that date, this information should be given to inform readers of the distinction; in fiction set before that year, the former agency, not its successor, should be mentioned in references to the US government’s immigration policies. Likewise, what has been known as the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (but is still abbreviated CDC) for twenty years has undergone half a dozen name changes since the Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities was established in 1942. These are only two examples illustrating that writers should take care to identify government entities according to the historical context in which their articles and books take place. When it comes to identifying government entities, due diligent research to make sure your usage is accurate. Don’t let your writing be merely, as the saying goes, good enough for government work. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 160 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†Double Possessive

City life Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

City life - Assignment Example How specifically they tend to relate to society is of significant concerns and thus discussed fully in the essay. The essay tries to answer some questions on how the elderly relate with the society. The essay gives a conclusion relating with popular theorists on city life and planning concerning the elderly homes. The first area of concern is how the elderly are taken care of by the community in relation to their needs. As a responsibility to take care of the elderly, it is vital that we get a critical understanding of the needs and requirements of the elderly. The requirement for the elderly will involve the following; financial needs, housing, health care, nursing, social and other needs. Having a good awareness about the various needs and requirement of the elders as listed above, is necessary for care takers of retirement homes as they are vital for quality care to the elderly. Financial needs, just as regarded in the community, are a basic need for the elderly as it enables them to pay for their requirements such as up-keep at the retirement homes, food, groceries, medicine and other basic necessities. Thus, a source of income or savings is necessary for the senior citizens. Housing is a necessity for everyone as well as for the elderly; this is because everyone desires to live in areas where he or she is comfortable. The design of a retirement home should be able to accommodate changes that may arise with time as well as consider the comfort of the dwellers. The retirement home should be such that it is a safe place with helpful neighborhood in case of an emergency. A place where there is well developed infrastructure service; clean and reliable water supply, electricity, schools, telecommunication and well-connected public transport. Health care is the most beneficial when it comes to the elderly needs as they are prone to sickness. With the ageing trend, their body tends to weaken by slowing down and as a result becoming

Case Study Analysis Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case Study Analysis - Annotated Bibliography Example He also argues about the issue of organization and how it affects public administration. In this book, Bekkers et al (2006) tried to look at the problem of innovation and how it relates to public administration. The authors look at the process of innovation in the context of IT. They relate this to the use of IT in the public administration and how the technology can be used to create collaboration between the public and government. This book was important in this study with regard to understand the issue of technology and how it could be used to enhance public services. Denhardt (2011) looks at public administration departments as an organization and then tries to apply the theory of organizational learning. What he is trying to identify is if the government departments can acquire a learning model. The author also looks at the various models that can be used for public administration. The author looks at some of the most effective ones, especially in light of organizational learning. This book was very useful in this study because it provides a new dimension of organizational learning to the debate of effective public administration. Fang (2002) looks at the issue of government and how technology has assisted in the delivery of services by the government. Ho looks at both the upside and the downside of things with regard to IT technology in delivery of public services. This journal article is especially important as a source of information on how the challenges of using technology in the implementation of public administration. Garson (1999) tackles the issue of information technology in the context of public administration in the following regard. One, he tackles the issue of contemporary technology in public administration. More importantly, the book discusses the issue of information privacy with regard to the use of electronic service delivery. This is important in understanding how IT relates to public administration and many challenges

Is toleration necessary for citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is toleration necessary for citizenship - Essay Example Problems of toleration are generated by dislikes towards important differences manifesting in other individuals or groups, with subsequent interference in their activities. Hence toleration is defined as the â€Å"suspension of the power of interference towards disliked or disapproved differences† so long as no harm is caused to anyone by the existence of these differences (Galeotti, 1993: 587). The purpose of this paper is to examine the importance of toleration for citizenship. It will be determined whether political tolerance exercised by the government has an influence on the practise of toleration by citizens in society. The importance of the cultivation of friendship between diverse people for beneficial impact on toleration among citizens, and toleration towards sexual minorities and their inclusion will be discussed. The argument detailing how toleration and citizenship cannot be completely free from exclusion, the paradoxes in toleration and the contradictions in citizenship will serve to give a different perspective to the debate. In a planned or deliberate democracy, there is more expected from citizens than the mere silent toleration of attitudes and reasons that they dislike; especially if it is acknowledged that an important goal of democratic functioning is to find optimal and mutually agreeable solutions to problems and conflicts. Since citizens have to critically engage with each other, toleration pertaining to non-interference would not help for confrontational yet cooperative discussion. Further, when toleration is exercised by a majority, it may even be undemocratic. A deliberative theory of tolerance underscores how deliberation across differences can be both tolerant and democratic. â€Å"In a democracy, tolerance is exercised in resolving conflicts, and in making disagreements fruitful†(Bohman, 2003: 758, 762). Further, it is found that a

The resurrection of Jesus Christ Essay Example for Free

The resurrection of Jesus Christ Essay The resurrection of Jesus Christ is the central aspect of more than two billion Christians in this world and billions more who have since put their faith in Jesus these last two thousand years. The Christian religion is unique in the fact that its founder proclaimed that he is the son of God and that if one simply believes in him, they shall obtain eternal life. There is no other religion similar to that. Salvation cannot be found on this earth or in the completion of daily tasks and rituals but is a gift, given to God through Jesus. The resurrection of Jesus Christ is so important that the entire faith relies upon this event. If Jesus was, as other religions attest: only a prophet, then Jesus is therefore made a liar and the greatest con artist in the history of the world. However, if he is who he was he is, then Jesus is the only way in which one receives eternal life. It can therefore be seen how important the resurrection is to Christians and they are reminded of such sacrifices as well as the importance of Jesus’ death, burial and resurrection, this Easter Sunday. In the Old Testament, the Scriptures profess of a savior who will come to save man from his sins. Amazing detail can be seen in these Old Testament passages concerning where this savior would come from, how he would be received by the public and authorities and how he would die and then be raised from the dead. When Jesus was preaching that he was the Messiah, this was seen as severe offense of blasphemy towards the Jewish authority, as they were still waiting for their savior to come. According to the Bible, and specifically the New Testament, Jesus Christ came to this world to save man from his sin. With the plague of thousands of sins committed by any individual with an average lifespan, he therefore cannot enter God’s kingdom of heaven, which is holy, with a body and works that are unholy. It then comes upon Jesus Christ to be the savior of God’s people by sending on this earth, his only son which died on a cross, was buried and then was resurrected on the 3rd day. In the Gospels, the first four books of the New Testament, in which the life and times of Jesus are given, the resurrection is described in all of these accounts. One such can be found in the book of Matthew 27:52-53. And the graves were opened; and many bodies of the saints which slept arose, and came out of the graves after his resurrection, and went into the holy city, and appeared unto many. (Bible, 2000 p. 689) The resurrection is repeated in all four of the Gospels, due to its utter necessity of understanding if one wishes to consider himself a Christian and deserving, only through the death of Jesus Christ, eternal life in heaven. According to the Bible, after Jesus was resurrected, he began to preach to his followers before he ascended into heaven. Eleven of his twelve disciples considered the resurrection so very important, ten of them chose death, imposed upon them by different state authorities which feared this new religion and its appeal, then deny what they had seen for themselves. This is a testimony to the power and importance of the resurrection of Jesus Christ to Christians. The book of Acts, or Acts of the Apostles, goes into detail, the actions of the apostles as they adhere to the Great Commission, the order given by Jesus before he was crucified, that it is the main purpose of Christians to spread the teachings and promises of salvation, as seen only by Jesus Christ. To Christians, the Great Commission is still in effect today and is what propels missionaries to travel all over the world, teaching and preaching the news of Jesus Christ and his promises of eternal salvation. In all of these teachings, the resurrection is included, or rather seen as the most important aspect of the Christian faith and plan for salvation. â€Å"If Jesus was not resurrected from the dead, then he is only a man and the Christian faith is based upon a myth.† (Johnson, 1998 p. 45) This then makes the resurrection of Jesus Christ to be of the utmost importance. For those who believe in the resurrection of Jesus, the resurrection takes on a special meaning. This sacrifice of Jesus, the one who is seen by Christians as the perfect and blameless son of God in order to save fallible sinners from the torment of hell, is an important and emotional sacrifice. It is this sacrifice that motivates Christians, not only in their faith but also in the continuation of their church attendance and private and public devotions. The Christian martyrs in the immediate centuries following the resurrection of Jesus, gladly went to be fed to the lions or killed in some other way in order to try and duplicate, although not copy, the sacrifice that Jesus made for those who believe in him. Even contemporary Christians are moved by the sacrifice of Jesus in this manner.   The 2004 film The Passion of the Christ compelled a lot of reaction. One of the reactions by the audience was humility and even tears as they saw what might have happened to Jesus in order that he may save their souls from heaven. If the resurrection of Jesus never was attached to these sacrifices of being beaten and crucified, then he would not be the one who had come to fulfill prophecy and therefore, would have been seen as a heretic and there would have been made, no special attention to Jesus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The resurrection of Jesus remains central to the faith of Christians. Without the resurrection, the prophecies of the Old Testament remain unfulfilled and Jesus was nothing more than the greatest deceiver in the history of the world who received a fitting punishment. However, if the resurrection did occur and the promises of Jesus are then attached to his claim that he is the son of God and all that he said is true, then belief in the deity of Jesus and his resurrection, still remains the only way in which an individual receives eternal life in heaven. As it is written in the famous Bible verse John 3:16: â€Å"For God so loved the World that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever should believe in him should not perish but have everlasting life.† (Bible, 2000 p. 825) Jesus Christ still remains the most important figure in human history. Had the resurrection never occurred, it seems doubtful that his importance would have rem ained the same. WORKS CITED The Holy Bible. (2000) London: Oxford Press. Johnson, P (1998) The Importance of the Resurrection. New York: Century Press. Gibson, Mel The Passion of the Christ. Icon Productions

Mechanisms of the Mind Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Mechanisms of the Mind The human brain can be seen as one of nature's finest miracle. An object that weights merely three pounds is responsible for how we perceive reality, feel emotions, remember events and learn new things. For the past two decades, scientists and researchers have explored this hot field of neuroscience in hopes of finding some answers to how something so small is able to hold a lifetime of information. How exactly does the human brain retain experiences, thoughts, and memories? The answer to this has yet to be discovered. From the time I was young, I have always been fascinated about the processes of the brain and how the mind is able to remember and recollect memories. For almost two years now, I have been fortunate enough to be able to observe the actions and development of my little sister Michelle. From infant to toddler, I have observed the how the brain constantly refines her motor and hand-eye coordination skills. From her first words to her half Burmese/half Chinese complete sentences it is amazing to be able to watch her master difficult tasks such as learning a language, not to mention two languages, at the same time. How is it that she remembers to differentiate between the language she chooses to speak and the person to whom she is speaking? For example, when she talks with my grandmother, she seems to know to speak only Chinese or Burmese so she will understand. But when she speaks to my brother in Chinese and he doesn't respond, she will repeat it in Burmese or English. One instance of this I observed just recently. Ever since Michelle was little, she has been fascinated with computers and would ask us to show her the picture images saved onto the computer. But when my brother came ho... ...since. In which case, patients become prisoners of their past. Yet they can still learn new skills such as playing bridge and improve their playing skills each time they play, although they will think it is their first time playing the game. This suggests that the memory of skill development is controlled by a different part of the brain. The human brain is something to be marveled at. It is incredible to imagine that an object that consists of billions of neural connections and is made up of three pounds of brain cells is responsible for how we perceive reality, feel emotions, remember events and learn new things. Most of who we are lies inside this small organ which sits on top of our heads. Understanding how the mind retains a lifetime's worth of memories is still one of the toughest problems in biology. Internet Sources: http://www.chronicle.duke.edu/ Mechanisms of the Mind Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers Mechanisms of the Mind The human brain can be seen as one of nature's finest miracle. An object that weights merely three pounds is responsible for how we perceive reality, feel emotions, remember events and learn new things. For the past two decades, scientists and researchers have explored this hot field of neuroscience in hopes of finding some answers to how something so small is able to hold a lifetime of information. How exactly does the human brain retain experiences, thoughts, and memories? The answer to this has yet to be discovered. From the time I was young, I have always been fascinated about the processes of the brain and how the mind is able to remember and recollect memories. For almost two years now, I have been fortunate enough to be able to observe the actions and development of my little sister Michelle. From infant to toddler, I have observed the how the brain constantly refines her motor and hand-eye coordination skills. From her first words to her half Burmese/half Chinese complete sentences it is amazing to be able to watch her master difficult tasks such as learning a language, not to mention two languages, at the same time. How is it that she remembers to differentiate between the language she chooses to speak and the person to whom she is speaking? For example, when she talks with my grandmother, she seems to know to speak only Chinese or Burmese so she will understand. But when she speaks to my brother in Chinese and he doesn't respond, she will repeat it in Burmese or English. One instance of this I observed just recently. Ever since Michelle was little, she has been fascinated with computers and would ask us to show her the picture images saved onto the computer. But when my brother came ho... ...since. In which case, patients become prisoners of their past. Yet they can still learn new skills such as playing bridge and improve their playing skills each time they play, although they will think it is their first time playing the game. This suggests that the memory of skill development is controlled by a different part of the brain. The human brain is something to be marveled at. It is incredible to imagine that an object that consists of billions of neural connections and is made up of three pounds of brain cells is responsible for how we perceive reality, feel emotions, remember events and learn new things. Most of who we are lies inside this small organ which sits on top of our heads. Understanding how the mind retains a lifetime's worth of memories is still one of the toughest problems in biology. Internet Sources: http://www.chronicle.duke.edu/

15 Minutes :: essays research papers

Like many ambitious, provocative films, "15 Minutes" is a bit of a mess. Both audacious and unwieldy, exciting and excessive, this dark thriller is too long, too violent and not always convincing. But at the same time, there's no denying that it's onto something, that its savage indictment of the nexus involving media, crime and a voracious public is a cinematic statement difficult to ignore. For despite its traditional cops-and-killers format, "15 Minutes" (its title taken from Andy Warhol's prediction of how long everyone in the future can expect to be famous) is a polemical, apocalyptic film. Writer-director John Herzfeld is furious at the "if it bleeds, it leads" nature of our TV news culture, at the intertwined lusts for fame and gore that rule a society where publicity is more important than reality, everyone plays the victim, and everything is for sale. Though its anger is a force to be reckoned with, "15 Minutes" finds some space to be funny, albeit in a bleak way, and even provides unexpected moments of romance. Herzfeld, whose debut film was the equally impudent if less impressive "2 Days in the Valley," has utilized an appropriately off-center sensibility for his story, taking the strands of crime melodrama and twisting them to fit his particular purposes. A key factor in keeping "15 Minutes" involving is its look. Working with inventive French cinematographer Jean Yves Escoffier ("Les Amants du Pont-Neuf," "The Cradle Will Rock," "Nurse Betty") and editor Steven Cohen, Herzfeld is determined to keep things kinetic and visually interesting. He even makes vivid use of footage shot on a video camera by one of the actors while in character. In general outline a policier about two of the good guys chasing a pair of villains, "15 Minutes" utilizes marquee names Robert De Niro and Edward Burns for its investigators, but generates more interest with the two lesser-known actors who get to create all the havoc. Emil Slovak (Karel Roden) and Oleg Razgul (Oleg Taktarov) are exceptionally good as the Eastern European version of those criminal odd couples movies delight in spawning. While Emil is shrewd and ruthless, Oleg is childlike, dreamy and obsessed with being a filmmaker. "I am here for movies," he tells a baffled New York immigration official, adding by way of explanation, "I saw 'It's a Wonderful Life.' " Actually, Emil and Oleg are here to get the money owed them from an earlier criminal action.

Factors affecting math performance of the students

The actual coding of a program is done by a(n) a) systems analyst b) software engineer c) end-user d) database administrator Answer: B Difficulty level: Easy page: 389 Response: Software engineers would complete the coding of a program. . Program objectives, desired outputs, needed inputs, and processing requirements are all recorded in the a) program tracking log project management database program specifications document c) d) management information system Answer: C Difficulty level: 389 page: 390 Response: All of these items are outlined in the program specifications document. 4. The information software produces after it has processed the input is called a) flowchart b) output c) objective prototype Response: The output is what has been produced after the input has been processed. 5.The information that a program requires in order to accomplish its objective is called the a) data contribution c) effort input Answer: D Response: Once you know the output, you then determine the inp ut data and the source of this data. 6. The program's processing steps are grouped into logically-related programming statements called a) modules unit c) object component page: 392 Response: Processing steps are called program modules (modules). 7. Flowcharts and pseudopodia are examples of tools used in the program phase. A) specification b) design c) code d) test page: 393 Response: Pseudopodia and flowcharts are tools used in program design. . The programming tool that uses linked symbols to show the sequence of steps needed to solve a programming problem. A) grid table pseudopodia c) algorithm d) flowchart Response: Flowcharts graphically present the detailed sequence of steps needed to solve a program by using symbols. 9. In a(n) structure, one statement follows the other with no conditions having to be met. A) selection b) loop sequence conditional Response: In the sequence structure, one program statement follows another. 10. The structure involves repeating a sequence until a condition is met. A) loop selectionResponse: A loop structure will repeat so long as a certain condition remains true. 11. An IF-THEN-ELSE statement is part of the structure. A) loop Response: IF-THEN-ELSE structures are part of the selection structure. 12. In the course of creating program specifications, the end-user should sketch out the desired a) splash logo icon Response: The end-users should sketch out the desired output that they want out of the computer system. 13. The control structure used to perform a series of statements one after the other is called a) sequential c) loop random Response: In the sequential structure, one program statement follows another. . When a program makes a true or false decision, it is an example of a(n) logic structure. A) if-then-else b) do until c) do while d) what-if Response: If-then-else resembles a true/false decision. 15. When a program repeats a portion of software code as long as a certain condition doesn't exist, it's using a(n) str ucture. A) Response: This is an example of the do until structure. 16. The actual writing of a program in a programming language is called a) program design b) logic structure language translation d) coding page: 396 Response: Writing the program is called coding. 17.Which of the following is not necessary for a good program? A) reliability catches common errors colorful graphics d) well-documented Response: Colorful graphics are not necessary for a good program. 18. Eliminating errors in a program is also called the program. A) debugging b) modularizing c) coding clarifying page: 399 Response: Debugging is testing a program and eliminating errors. 19. A program error that violates the grammar rules of the programming language is a(n) error. A) modular b) logic syntax language Response: Syntax error is a violation of the grammar rules of the programming language. . Error could be the result of the programmer making an incorrect calculation. A) b) general protection c) logic breakpoi nt Response: Logic errors are created by incorrect or missing specifications. 21. Refers to testing by a select group of potential users in the final stage of testing a program. A) Manual testing b) Desk checking c) Attempt at translation d) Beta testing page: 400 Response: Beta testing refers to testing by a select group of potential users in the final stage of testing a program. Re explanations that tell other programmers In programming, what's happening in the software code. ) restrictions b) tables c) documentation d) selections Response: Documentation is written to explain what is happening in the software code. 23. As much as percent of the total lifetime cost for an application program is for maintenance. A) d) 75% Difficulty level: Hard page: 402 Response: As much as 75% of the total lifetime cost for an application program is for maintenance. 24. Which of the following refers to tools that are used to design, code, and test software? ) XML b) CAD c) CASE d) pop page: 403 Re sponse: CASE tools are used to automate the development process. They can aid n program design, coding, and testing. 25. Software that helps programmers prepare reports, draw flowcharts, and generate software code for prototypes is a(n) a) CAUSE (computer assisted Unix software environment) tool b) CASE (computer aided software engineering) tool c) COOL (computer licensed operations code) tool d) CULL (combined users licensed protocols) tool Response: CASE tools help programmers prepare these items. 26.Object-oriented programming is a type of assembler language a) b) allows you to interact with objects when coding software c) is a type of machine language inverts source code into machine language code Answer: B page: 404 Response: Object-oriented programming focuses on letting you interact with the objects (defined procedures) when coding software. 27. POP languages use combinations of objects natural and nonprocedural statements binary coded instructions d) abbreviations and mnemon ic Difficult level: Easy Response: Object-oriented programming uses combinations of objects. 8. Machine language is composed only of a) keyword statements b) hexadecimal numbers c) memory address toggles d) So and Is page: 405 Response: Machine language is composed of Is and So. 9. Language is made up only of binary digits. A) Procedural b) Machine c) Assembly d) Natural Response: Machine language uses binary code. Which of the following lines of code comes from a first generation computer language? A) b) 00010 1010 1101 0001 1010 this Total=Total + Totals set total to sum of totals Response: Machine language (first generation) used So and Is. 1. These languages use abbreviations and mnemonics that make it easier for humans to understand. A) assembly b) machine language d) COBOL Response: Assembly language uses abbreviations or mnemonics that make it easier or humans to understand and use. 32. Languages are designed to express the logic used instead of Just performing calculations. A) Machine b) Procedural d) Low level Response: Procedural languages are designed to express the logic – the procedures – that can solve general problems. 3. Procedural languages are part of the generation of computer languages. A) first second third fourth Response: Procedural languages are part of the third generation of computer languages. Procedural languages must be translated into machine language using compiler or interpreter a(n) a) b) assembler interpolator ) application generator Response: Procedural languages must be translated into machine language using a compiler or interpreter. 35. A compiler performs the following function. ) translates and executes each program statement one at a time b) converts the source code into machine language code c) translates instruction codes from assembler language into machine language d) uses statements to tell objects to perform actions on themselves Answer: B Response: Compiler converts procedural language program (sour ce code) into a machine language code (object code). C++ is considered a A) machine language ) assembly language c) procedural language natural language Response: C++ is a procedural language. 7. Converts the programmer's procedural language program into a machine language. A) interpreter compiler d) analyst page:405 Response: A compiler converts procedural language program into machine language An interpreter performs the following function. A) translates and executes each line of code one at a time b) translates high-level language statements uses statements to tell objects to perform actions on themselves d) translates software code from assembly language into machine language Answer: AResponse: Interpreter converts the procedural language one statement at a time into machine code Just before it is executed. 39. Problem-oriented languages are which generation of language? A) first page: 406 Response: Problem-oriented languages are fourth generation languages. Fourth-generation la nguages use a) procedural statements nonprocedural statements c) assemblers symbols Response: Fourth-generation languages are nonprocedural languages.